New Testament Papyrus

The existing leaves contain (in this order) the last eight chapters of Romans; all of Hebrews; virtually all of 1–2 Corinthians; all of Ephesians, Galatians, Philippians, Colossians; and two chapters of 1 Thessalonians. All of the leaves have lost some lines at the bottom through deterioration.



This is the book of Acts


This is a picture of the Dead Sea Scrolls


This is a picture of the book of Timothy


This is a picture of part of the Gospel of John on papyrus

Section Review 1 Chapter 9

1. The Roman world was connected by roads and ruled most of the world. This enabled them to travel quickly.
2. Herod the Great
3. Twelve disciples/apostles
5. Many heathens were won to Christ by the testimony of the Christians.

IDENTIFY:
synangogues- a place where the Jews would gather to worship
Gentiles- non-Jews
proselytes- Gentile converts
Messiah- Jesus Christ
church- local assemblies or bodies of believers

You wouldn't want to be a Roman Gladiator

a. Your Fate Awaits-If you're not killed in battle, then don't expect to be shown any mercy, you'll be taken prisoner and marched off to the city of Rome. If you survive the long journey you face an uncertain future. Will you be sold as a slave to a rich Roman citizen or will you be sent to work in the mines? Will you end up doing hard labour in the quarries or will you sail around the Roman Empire as a galley slave?

b. Gotcha!-The Roman soldiers wear armour and follow a carefully worked-out battle plan. The Gauls are not so well organised. The fighting is soon over and unfortunately for you your tribe lose the battle. You are one of the prisoners and you are about to begin a new life.

c. Sold!-After capture by the army you are passed on to a slave-dealer, who buys and sells slaves. The dealer takes you to a slave market where you stand on a platform for everyone to see. Slaves with diseases are made to hold a sign so that people know there is something wrong with them. The slave-dealer asks people to call out prices and he will sell you to the person who pays the most.

d. Oh No!-Your owner will hand you over to a trainer – a tough man who will teach you how to be a gladiator.

e. Who's who-In your training you will have learned how to fight as one particular type of gladiator. It has cost your owner a lot of money to buy you, feed, train and equip you for the contest. Now you must be victorious – winning is all that matters. If you lose, you die!

f. Fight-The games are about to begin. Your moment of glory is upon you – you hope. But first, you must entertain the crowd.

g. Ouch!-The crowd are on their feet, shouting "Habet, hoc habet!", which means "Got him! Let him have it!". There's only one thing you can do. As you raise your left hand to appeal to the emperor he will turn to the crowd and let them decide your fate. All you can hope for is that they call out "Mitte!"– "Let him go!".

h. It's over!-It seems the crowd showed you no mercy and the retarius was the winner of the contest. While your body is dragged from the arena, the victorious gladiator is presented with his prizes.

Chapter 8 Section Review 1 plus Identify

1. The Itali.
2. The Itali, the Latins, and the Etruscans. Etruscans.
3. The "paterfamilias" or the father. Sense of duty, seriousness of purpose, and sense of personal worth. Reading, writing, and arithmetic.
4. They had the same gods. The Pantheon.
5. 509 B.C. Before the Roman Republic,

Section Review 3 + Identify

1. King Phillip II. The hellenic lead. Hoped the Greeks would join him to overtake the Persian empire.
2. 334 B.C.
3. The entire Persian empire. Babylon, Asia Minor, Rome, and Egypt. His weary troops refused to fight anymore. He died of a fever or may have been poisoned.
4. His Dissemination of Greek culture.
5. Ptolemies-Egypt, Seleucids-Syria, Mesopotamia, and Persia, and Antigonids-Macedonia and Greece.

Identify-
Macedonia-The northern fringes of ancient Greece.
Demosthenes-The famous Athenian orator.
Alexander the Great-Young Macedonian king.
Alexandria-Name Alexander gave to 16 of these Greek cities. Named after himself.
Ipsus-Battle where the empire was divided among 4 generals who declared themselves as their king.

Section Review 2 + Identify

1. Monarchy-Counsel of elders and the assembly.
2. Aristocracy-Ruled by best Oligarchy. Ruled by the few rich. Monarchy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy, Tyranny, and Democracy.
3. There was representative Democracy and direct Democracy.
4. Spartan boys were taken from the homes at age 7 to go to military schoolz. Because they were too wrapped up in war.
5. Draco was merciless and Solon advocated freedom. Solons were. Because he promoted freedom. And freedom is the shnizzle.
6. Athenian democracy was brought to it's fullest measure by statesmen Pericles. He invented representative and direct democracy. This is often called the "Golden Age of Greece".
7. Because they expected more troubles from the Persians. It became part of the Athenian empire.
8. Greece was split in 2. 431-404 B.C. Sparta was defeated by Thebes.

Identify:
Helots-Spartan slaves.
Peloponnesian League-An alliance with Corinth, Megara, and other cities in the Peloponnesus.
Court of Areopagus-Where the Archon served.
Peisistratus-The first tyrant of Athens.
Cleisthenes-Took over after Peisistratus.
Ostracism-A quorum of citizens could vote to banish any person for 10 years.
Representative democracy-Citizens elect a few men to represent them.
Direct democracy-Citizens make the decisions themselves.

Things about GREECE

a. Family Life-
Men ran the government, and spent a great deal of their time away from home. When not involved in politics, the men spent time in the fields, overseeing or working the crops, sailing, hunting, in manufacturing or in trade. For fun, in addition to drinking parties, the men enjoyed wrestling, horseback riding, and the famous Olympic Games. When the men entertained their male friends, at the popular drinking parties, their wives and daughters were not allowed to attend.

With the exception of ancient Sparta, Greek women had very limited freedom outside the home. They could attend weddings, funerals, some religious festivals, and could visit female neighbors for brief periods of time. In their home, Greek women were in charge. Their job was to run the house and to bear children.

The ancient Greeks considered their children to be 'youths' until they reached the age of 30! When a child was born to ancient Greek family, a naked father carried his child, in a ritual dance, around the household. Friends and relatives sent gifts. The family decorated the doorway of their home with a wreath of olives (for a boy) or a wreath of wool (for a girl).

b. Clothing-




Greek clothing was very simple. Men and women wore linen in the summer and wool in the winter. The ancient Greeks could buy cloth and clothes in the agora, the marketplace, but that was expensive. Most families made their own clothes, which were simple tunics and warm cloaks, made of linen or wool, dyed a bright color, or bleached white. Clothes were made by the mother, her daughters, and female slaves. They were often decorated to represent the city-state in which they lived. The ancient Greeks were very proud of their home city-state.

c. Food-

Most meals were enjoyed in a courtyard near the home. Greek cooking equipment was small and light and could easily be set up there. On bright, sunny days, the women probably sheltered under a covered area of their courtyard, as the ancient Greeks believed a pale complexion was a sign of beauty.

Food in Ancient Greece consisted of grains, figs, wheat to make bread, barley, fruit, vegetables, breads, and cake. People in Ancient Greece also ate grapes, seafood of all kinds, and drank wine.

d. Entertainment-

Dance was very important to the ancient Greeks. They believed that dance improved both physical and emotional health. Rarely did men and women dance together. Some dances were danced by men and others by women.
There were more than 200 ancient Greek dances; comic dances, warlike dances, dances for athletes and for religious worship, plus dances for weddings, funerals, and celebrations.
Dance was accompanied by music played on lyres, flutes, and a wide variety of percussion instruments such as tambourines, cymbals and castanets.
Story telling
The ancient Greeks loved stories. They created many marvelous stories, myths, and fables that we enjoy today, like Odysseus and the Terrible Sea and Circe, a beautiful but evil enchantress. Aesop's Fables, written by Aesop, an ancient Greek, are still read and enjoyed all over the world.

e. Military-

The boys of Sparta were obliged to leave home at the age of 7 to join sternly disciplined groups under the supervision of a hierarchy of officers. From age 7 to 18, they underwent an increasingly severe course of training.
Spartan boys were sent to military school at age 6 or 7. They lived, trained and slept in their the barracks of their brotherhood. At school, they were taught survival skills and other skills necessary to be a great soldier. School courses were very hard and often painful. Although students were taught to read and write, those skills were not very important to the ancient Spartans.
Only warfare mattered. The boys were not fed well, and were told that it was fine to steal food as long as they did not get caught stealing. If they were caught, they were beaten. They walked barefoot, slept on hard beds, and worked at gymnastics and other physical activities such as running, jumping, javelin and discus throwing, swimming, and hunting. They were subjected to strict discipline and harsh physical punishment; indeed, they were taught to take pride in the amount of pain they could endure.
At 18, Spartan boys became military cadets and learned the arts of war. At 20, they joined the state militia--a standing reserve force available for duty in time of emergency--in which they served until they were 60 years old.
The typical Spartan may or may not have been able to read. But reading, writing, literature, and the arts were considered unsuitable for the soldier-citizen and were therefore not part of his education. Music and dancing were a part of that education, but only because they served military end
Somewhere between the age of 18-20, Spartan males had to pass a difficult test of fitness, military ability, and leadership skills. Any Spartan male who did not pass these examinations became a perioikos. (The perioikos, or the middle class, were allowed to own property, have business dealings, but had no political rights and were not citizens.)
If they passed, they became a full citizen and a Spartan soldier. Spartan citizens were not allowed to touch money. That was the job of the middle class. Spartan soldiers spent most of their lives with their fellow soldiers.
They ate, slept, and continued to train in their brotherhood barracks. Even if they were married, they did not live with their wives and families. They lived in the barracks. Military service did not end until a Spartan male reached the age of 60. At age 60, a Spartan soldier could retire and live in their home with their family.
Unlike the other Greek city-states, Sparta provided training for girls that went beyond the domestic arts. The girls were not forced to leave home, but otherwise their training was similar to that of the boys. They too learned to run, jump, throw the javelin and discus, and wrestle mightiest strangle a bull. Girls also went to school at age 6 or 7. They lived, slept and trained in their sisterhood's barracks. No one knows if their school was as cruel or as rugged as the boys school, but the girls were taught wrestling, gymnastics and combat skills.
Some historians believe the two schools were very similar, and that an attempt was made to train the girls as thoroughly as they trained the boys. In any case, the Spartans believed that strong young women would produce strong babies.
At age 18, if a Sparta girl passed her skills and fitness test, she would be assigned a husband and allowed to return home. If she failed, she would lose her rights as a citizen, and became a perioikos, a member of the middle class.
In most of the other Greek city-states, women were required to stay inside their homes most of their lives. In Sparta, citizen women were free to move around, and enjoyed a great deal of freedom, as their husbands did not live at home.

f. Government-


First, Greece had a Monarchy. Then, after rejecting that, they change to a Aristocracy. They changed to an Aligarchy. After that, they were taken over and changed to a tyranny. Then, they developed the first Democracy.
g. Social Life-
Barber shops first became popular in ancient Greece, and were an important part of the social life of many ancient Greek males. In the barber shop, the men exchanged political and sports news, philosophy, and gossip.

h. Education-

The goal of education in the Greek city-states was to prepare the child for adult activities as a citizen. The nature of the city-states varied greatly, and this was also true of the education they considered appropriate. In most Greek city-states, when young, the boys stayed at home, helping in the fields, sailing, and fishing. At age 6 or 7, they went to school. Both daily life and education were very different in Sparta [militant], than in Athens [arts and culture] or in the other ancient Greek city-states.

The goal of education in Sparta, an authoritarian, military city-state, was to produce soldier-citizens who were well-drilled, well-disciplined marching army. Spartans believed in a life of discipline, self-denial, and simplicity. Boys were very loyal to the state of Sparta.

Adventures in Ancient Greece

Jacob got a 6 on his timeline.
Athens:
1.) A Greco Hoplite
2.) Young boys in school
3.) Houses
4.) Girls that worked at home with their mothers
5.) The Pinx- Where the first Democracy met
6.) Acropolis
7.) Olive trees
8.) Parthenon
Sparta:
1.) Young boys going to military camp
2.) Tremblers
3.) Trees with armor in them
4.) Soldiers
5.) Young girls exercising
6.) Mothers whose babies had been taken for inspetion
7.) Stealing boys
8.) Mountains
Quiz:
Jacob got everything right on every quiz

iKnow that

Jacob:
This game had a lot of interesting facts. I can't believe it is a children's game. It helped me to familiarize myself with some of the countries of Africa. It taught me a lot.

Madagascar game

Jacob:
The suitcases moved really fast. It didn't really teach me anything, but that's ok. The lion was kind of demoralizing too. This is no children's game!